ARPA-funded researchers developed many of the protocols still used for most Internet communication. Several other agencies also developed networks so their researchers could communicate and share data. In , NSF considered how it could provide greater access to the high-end computing resources at its recently established supercomputer centers. Because NSF intended the supercomputers to be shared by scientists and engineers around the country, any viable solution had to link many research universities to the centers.
NSFNET went online in and connected the supercomputer centers at 56, bits per second—the speed of a typical computer modem today. In a short time, the network became congested and, by , its links were upgraded to 1.
It was the first large-scale implementation of Internet technologies in a complex environment of many independently operated networks. NSFNET forced the Internet community to iron out technical issues arising from the rapidly increasing number of computers and address many practical details of operations, management and conformance. At the same time, the number of Internet-connected computers grew from 2, in to more than 2 million in The NSF centers developed many tools for organizing, locating and navigating through information, including one of the first widely used Web server applications.
But perhaps the most spectacular success was Mosaic, the first freely available Web browser to allow Web pages to include both graphics and text, which was developed in by students and staff working at the NSF-supported National Center for Supercomputing Applications NCSA at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. In less than 18 months, NCSA Mosaic became the Web "browser of choice" for more than a million users and set off an exponential growth in the number of Web servers as well as Web surfers.
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